Gene editing by CRISPR-Cas–biotechnological applications

Abstract

The CRISPR-Cas system is a powerful genome editing tool that enables precise and targeted changes in DNA  nucleotide sequence and gene function. It has many applications in modern biotechnology, including correcting genetic disorders, treating and preventing disease, as well as improving animal breeds and crop growth  and resistance. The proposed review observed how CRISPR-Сas technology has evolved from a natural anti[1]viral defense mechanism in bacteria, to a cutting-edge genetic engineering technique. Initially, it was discovered that bacteria use specialized RNA and Cas proteins as defense against viral attacks. It turned out that components of the CRISPR system could be transferred into cells of other organisms to manipulate genes, a process called “gene editing”. In genome editing, genetic instructions are altered, resulting in changes in the activity of encoded proteins and cellular processes. By inserting cuts into the coding part of DNA and DNA repair mechanisms, desired DNA fragments can be inserted for targeted changes. CRISPR technology can effectively correct human genetic defects. Examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, cataracts, etc. These studies have paved the way for therapeutic applications in humans. CRISPR has been tested to treat cancer and an inherited disease that causes blindness, prevent Lyme disease and the transmission of malaria transmission from viral vectors to humans, as well as the method of ridding infected cells of human immunodeficiency virus was tested on animal models. The review provides the most significant examples of application of CRISPR editing of target regions of genomes of various organisms as one of the key technologies of biotechnology.