Genotyping of Vitamin-D Receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms rs7975232, rs1544410, rs731236 and analysis of their association with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 among the Kazakh ethnic group
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31489/2025feb3/106-114Keywords:
vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, single nucleotide polymorphism, rs731236, rs7975232, rs1544410, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, susceptibility, Kazakh ethnic groupAbstract
This pilot study investigated the single nucleotide polymorphisms rs731236, rs1544410, and rs7975232 of the VDR gene using real-time ARMS-PCR in a cohort of 119 individuals of Kazakh ethnic group. Participants were stratified into COVID-19-positive (p-COVID-19; n = 88) and COVID-19-negative (no-COVID-19; n = 31) groups based on the detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA. The allelic and genotypic distributions of all three SNPs conformed to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. No statistically significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies were observed between the groups for rs731236, rs7975232, or rs1544410 (p > 0.05), indicating that these polymorphisms do not influence susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the studied population. A borderline association was noted for the heterozygous CT genotype of rs1544410 (p = 0.0548), suggesting a potential protective effect (OR = 0.426; 95% Cl: 0.1816 – 0.9563). Despite the limited sample size, this is the first study to examine rs731236, rs1544410, and rs7975232 in relation to SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility within the Kazakh ethnic population, and one of the few to simultaneously analyze all four alleles of rs1544410.
References
Ren H. Association of genetic polymorphisms with COVID-19 infection and outcomes: An updated meta-analysis based on 62 studies / H. Ren, Y. Lin, L. Huang, W. Xu, D. Luo, C. Zhang // Heliyon. – 2024. – Vol. 10 (1). – e236-262. – DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23662
Gupta K. Systematic review and meta-analysis of human genetic variants contributing to COVID-19 susceptibility and severity / K. Gupta, G. Kaur, T. Pathak, I. Banerjee // Gene. – 2022. – Vol. 844. – P. 1467–1490. – DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146790
Holick M.F. Vitamin D deficiency // New England Journal of Medicine. – 2007. – Vol. 357 (3). – P. 266–281. – DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra070553
Kazemi A. Association of vitamin D status with SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis / A. Kazemi, V. Mohammadi, S.K. Aghababaee, M. Golzarand, C.C.T. Clark, S. Babajafari // Advances in Nutrition. – 2021. – Vol. 12 (5). – P. 1636–1658. – DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab012
Protas V.V. Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D level and VDR gene single nucleotide polymorphism rs2228570 influence on COVID-19 susceptibility among the Kazakh ethnic group—A pilot study / V.V. Protas, G.P. Pogossyan, K.G. Li, A.G. Zhumina, A.K. Bisseneva, D.N. Shaikina // Nutrients. – 2023. – Vol. 15 (7). – P. 1781. – DOI: 10.3390/nu15071781
Uitterlinden A.G. Genetics and biology of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms / A.G. Uitterlinden, Y. Fang, J.B.J. van Meurs, H.A.P. Pols, J.P.T.M. van Leeuwen // Gene. – 2004. – Vol. 338 (2). – P. 143–156. – DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.05.014
Saba A.A. Single nucleotide variants rs7975232 and rs2228570 within vitamin D receptor gene confers protection against severity of COVID-19 infection in Bangladeshi population / A. A. Saba, Z. Mahmud, F. Ansari, R. Ahmed, J. Nur, M. S. Alam, S. Chakraborty, A. H. M. N. Nabi, L. N. Islam, Md. Z. H. Howlader // Gene Reports. – 2024. – Vol. 36. – P. 101981. – DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2024.101981
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs731236#frequency_tab (дата обращения: [указать])
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs7975232#frequency_tab (дата обращения: [указать])
URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs1544410#frequency_tab (дата обращения: [указать])
Alagarasu K. Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with clinical outcomes of dengue virus infection / K. Alagarasu, T. Honap, A. P. Mulay, R. V. Bachal, P. S. Shah, D. Cecilia // Human Immunology. – 2012. – Vol. 73 (11). – P. 1194–1199. – DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.08.007
Karcioğlu L. Correlation of the variations in prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in cohorts from 26 countries // Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. – 2022. – Vol. 27 (1). – P. 60–70. – DOI: 10.21673/anadoluklin.987578
Wang Y. A meta-analysis on associations between vitamin D receptor genetic variants and tuberculosis / Y. Wang, H. Li // Microbial Pathogenesis. – 2019. – Vol. 130. – P. 59–64. – DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.02.027
To K.K.-W. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: An observational cohort study / K. K.-W. To, O. T.-Y. Tsang, W.-S. Leung, A. R. Tam, T.-C. Wu, D. C. Lung, C. C.-Y. Yip, J.-P. Cai, J. M.-C. Chan, … K.-Y. Yuen // The Lancet Infectious Diseases. – 2020. – Vol. 20 (5). – P. 565–574. – DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30196-1
Luo C. Dynamic changes and prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM antibodies: Analysis of multiple factors / C. Luo, M. Liu, Q. Li, X. Zheng, W. Ai, F. Gong, J. Fan, S. Liu, X. Wang, J. Luo // International Journal of Infectious Diseases. – 2021. – Vol. 108. – P. 57–62. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.078
Zhou C. Evaluation of serum IgM and IgG antibodies in COVID‐19 patients by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay / C. Zhou, G. Bu, Y. Sun, C. Ren, M. Qu, Y. Gao, Y. Zhu, L. Wang, L. Sun, Y. Liu // Journal of Medical Virology. – 2021. – Vol. 93 (5). – P. 2857–2866. – DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26741
Протас В.В. Рекомендации по генотипированию однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов rs731236, rs7975232 и rs1544410 гена VDR / В.В. Протас, Г.П. Погосян, K.Г. Ли, A.K. Бисенева. – Караганда, 2024. – 26 с.
Jafarpoor A. VDR gene polymorphisms are associated with the increased susceptibility to COVID‐19 among Iranian population: A case‐control study / A. Jafarpoor, S. M. Jazayeri, F. Bokharaei‐Salim, A. Ataei‐Pirkooh, A. Ghaziasadi, S. Soltani, A. Sadeghi, M. Parsania // International Journal of Immunogenetics. – 2022. – Vol. 49 (4). – P. 243–253. – DOI: 10.1111/iji.12585
Da Ronda R.D.S.C. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to vitamin D metabolism and severity or mortality of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis / R.D.S.C. Da Ronda, M. Berlofa Visacri, J. Tiemi Siguemoto, C. Motta Neri, M. Crispim Lopo De Abreu, A. De Souza Nicoletti, I. Rotta, C. Dagli-Hernandez, P. Moriel // Gene. – 2024. – Vol. 906. – P. 148236. – DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148236
Tentolouris N. The association of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms with COVID-19 severity / N. Tentolouris, C. Achilla, I. A. Anastasiou, I. Eleftheriadou, A. Tentolouris, D. Basoulis, O. Kosta, A. Lambropoulos, A. Chatzikyriakidou, E. B. Jude // Nutrients. – 2024. – Vol. 16 (5). – P. 727. – DOI: 10.3390/nu16050727
